Annals of Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery(中文名为《腹腔镜与内镜外科年鉴》,简称ALES杂志,网页https://ales.amegroups.org)于2016年4月创刊,收录于Emerging Sources Citation Index(ESCI)和Scopus,2023年6月已获创刊以来首个影响因子:0.5分。作为一本经同行评议、开放获取的国际英文学术期刊,ALES杂志致力于推动腹腔镜内镜外科的持续发展,为年轻医师提供一个国际性的学习平台。杂志聚焦于高质量先进研究的出版,汇集来自世界各国的专家学者,共同交流和分享各自的经验和研究成果。杂志主编由瑞金医院普外科郑民华教授和欧洲内镜外科医师协会前任主席Abe Fingerhut教授共同担任,截止到2023年6月28日,编委团队由来自19个国家的83位专家组成。
为了进一步活跃学术气氛、促进腹腔镜与内镜外科的发展、为国内读者提供更为便利的学术交流平台,同时推动ALES杂志的发展,AME科研时间将定期推出精选文章中文版,同时ALES杂志英文网站也会刊登对应中文版文章。今天跟大家分享的是“自然口和传统经腹部标本提取的比较”。
值得注意的是,ALES杂志文章译者招募工作仍在进行中,诚邀国内外相关领域的优秀医学工作者参与翻译工作,待认领文章列表详见文末。
自然口和传统经腹部标本提取的比较
Aydin Aktas1^, Egemen Cicek2
1Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Kanuni Training and Research Hospital, Trabzon, Turkey;
2Department of General Surgery, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
译者:刘良
背景和目的:传统腹腔镜(CL)手术在结直肠手术中广泛应用。然而,在CL中提取标本需要腹部切口,这会导致切口相关并发症的发生率增加,如术后疼痛、疝气和手术部位感染(SSI)。为了减少这些并发症,一种被称为自然孔口样本提取(NOSE)的新型微创手术方法得到了越来越广泛的应用。这篇综述的目的是比较NOSE和CL在结直肠手术中的术后并发症和肿瘤学结果。
方法:搜索截至2021年5月的各种医学数据库。我们纳入了回顾性研究、队列研究、随机对照试验和荟萃分析,以探讨自然孔口样本提取手术治疗结直肠癌(CRC)的疗效。
关键内容和调查结果:结果表明,与CL相比,NOSE术中出血少、术后疼痛少、镇痛需求更少、术后并发症少、美容恢复好、住院时间短、生活质量好。NOSE手术时间较长,两组肿瘤学结果相似。
结论:NOSE应用于结直肠手术具有更好的临床结果和相似的肿瘤学结果。需要进行大规模多中心研究来确认其临床益处。
关键词:传统腹腔镜(CL);自然孔口样本提取(NOSE);标本提取;结肠;直肠;结直肠
引言
结直肠癌(CRC)是全球第三大最常见的恶性肿瘤,发病率和死亡率较高[1]。手术切除是CRC最合适的治疗方法[2]。自从Jacobs[3]报道了第一例腹腔镜结直肠癌切除术以来,与传统的开放式手术相比,传统腹腔镜(CL)具有显著的优势,如创伤和疼痛更小、术中失血更少、术后并发症更少、恢复更快及可比的肿瘤学结果[4-8]。然而,CL中的标本提取需要腹部切口(约4~8 cm),这会导致切口相关并发症的发生率增加,如术后疼痛、疝气和手术部位感染(SSI)[9-11]。为了减少这些并发症,一种新的微创手术方法被称为自然孔口样本提取(NOSE)逐渐广泛应用[12]。结直肠手术中NOSE的主要特征是完全腹膜内吻合和自然口标本提取,这意味着不需要额外的腹部切口即可实现完全腹膜内吻合术[13]。因此,NOSE通过减少腹部切口相关创伤和术后疼痛,减少了术后并发症,提高了患者的生活质量(QoL)[14,15]。Franklin于1993年首次报道了腹腔镜直肠和乙状结肠切除术的NOSE[16]。最近,几项研究证实了腹腔镜NOSE切除术治疗结直肠癌的安全性和可行性[12,17-19]。然而,由于一些问题,如腹腔内感染、肿瘤植入风险和肿瘤学安全性,其使用仍然有限[20-23]。
因此,本综述旨在比较NOSE和CL在结直肠手术中的术后并发症和肿瘤学结果。我们根据叙述性审查报告清单提交以下文章(可在网页https://ales.amegroups.com/article/view/10.21037/ales-22-27/rc获得)。
方法
截至2022年5月1日,使用PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus and Google Scholar数据库中的关键词(腹腔镜、NOSE 、自然口、标本提取、结肠、直肠、结直肠)进行电子搜索。所有研究都被纳入进行分析,包括国会报告和患者临床病程摘要。PubMed/MEDLINE上的所有研究都由两名评审员(AA和EC)进行评估。不符合纳入标准的文章、没有患者数据的致编辑的信、实验研究及无法获得完整版本的文章被排除在研究之外。此外,还检查了所选相关文章的参考文献,以进行其他研究。用英语写的文章被纳入研究范围(表1)。
表1 搜索策略摘要
讨论
术后结果
手术时间
在CL中,通过腹部切口取出标本,然后用主缝线缝合切口。在NOSE中不需要腹部切口来提取标本,但只有在经阴道NOSE才可能需要缝合来闭合后阴道切开术[5,11,13-15,17]。对于妇科医生来说,闭合后阴道切开术伤口并不是一种常规做法,如果他们在使用该技术时遇到困难,则可保留后阴道切开切口[24]。研究表明NOSE的手术时间比CL长[5,11,13-15,17]。Karagul等人报道,男性、结肠疾病和大型肿瘤给应用该技术带来了困难,并延长了手术时间[25]。除Chin等人的荟萃分析外[11],所有符合研究标准并纳入系统综述的荟萃分析均显示NOSE的手术时间更长(表2)。手术时间长可能有以下原因:(1)完全腹膜内进行体内缝合和吻合;(2)肥胖患者手术困难;(3)缺乏住院医师使用的端口;(4)学习曲线与外科医生对腹腔镜技术的不熟悉[5,28-30]。研究表明,腹腔镜设备的进步和CL经验的增加减少了NOSE的手术时间[5,29-34]。与CL相比,经直肠和经阴道NOSE的手术时间有不同的结果。虽然Wolthuis等人报告经直肠NOSE的手术时间比CL更短,但Lin等人的荟萃分析表明,经肛门NOSE和CL的手术时间相似,经阴道NOSE的手术时间比CL更长[5,35]。
表2 比较自然口和传统经腹部标本提取的荟萃分析结果
术中出血
评估腹腔镜手术安全性的指标之一是术中出血量,NOSE组的出血量低于CL组[5,11,14]。CL组和NOSE组各涉及至少100例病例的研究表明,NOSE组的术中出血量显著较低[11,14,15,36-38]。然而,在Liu等人纳入两组各100例患者的研究中,发现NOSE和CL的术中出血量相当[39]。NOSE出血量低的原因是它不需要额外的腹部切口,并且在腹腔镜指导下更严格、更温和地进行手术[40]。此外,有荟萃分析报告称,两组在术中出血量方面没有显著差异[5,13,26,27]。纳入这些荟萃分析的患者人数通常低于每组100人。
术后疼痛和镇痛需求
NOSE可防止额外的腹壁切口用于标本提取,从而减少腹壁创伤并减少术后疼痛[12]。术后疼痛减少也减少了镇痛药的使用,这会导致胃肠功能和术后活动的早期启动,从而缩短住院时间[14]。尽管Awad等人报道,NOSE和CL在术后疼痛评分和镇痛需求方面没有差异[28],但Park等人进行右结肠切除术和Gundogan等人进行全结肠切除术的研究报道称,NOSE组术后前3天的疼痛评分较低[29,41]。系统综述中的荟萃分析还显示,NOSE组的术后疼痛评分和镇痛需求显著降低[11-14,26]。基于标本提取部位的亚组分析显示,与CL相比,经阴道标本提取的疼痛评分较低,经肛门标本提取也有类似的发现[5]。
术后并发症
术后并发症是手术技术安全性的重要指标之一,因为严重的术后并发症会导致手术过程的失败[27]。术后并发症通常与小切口、吻合口瘘或腹腔内感染有关,CL的发生率高达23.3%,NOSE的发生率为9.9%[5,11,14,15,26,27]。
微创手术最大的优点之一是减少了切口相关的并发症。尽管SSI和切口疝的发病率低于开放手术,但CL的发病率分别为10.3%~22.7%和6.0%~10.8%[25]。CL中这些与伤口相关并发症的主要原因是在腹壁上进行的小切口[25,42]。Ma等人报道,CL术后54%的并发症与切口有关[17]。由于NOSE没有额外的腹壁切口,切口相关并发症的发生率预计较低[37,41,42]。Wang等人报道,NOSE组切口相关并发症的发生率为0.4%,CL组为6.5%,He等人报道,切口相关并发症发生率为0.2%和CL组为5.9%[14,26]。因此,NOSE中切口相关并发症的发生率较低,从而降低了一般术后并发症的发生[5,11,14,15,26,27]。
NOSE的另一个问题是进行肠道切开术以放置铁砧,肠道内容物溢出腹膜腔的风险,以及一旦打开直肠残端或阴道套提取标本,无菌环境就会被破坏的风险[7,20,43]。尽管据报道,在接受NOSE的患者中,腹膜污染高达100%,但感染的发生率并没有人们认为的那么高[21]。一项包括718例患者的中国研究表明,NOSE后腹膜内SSI的发生率仅为0.8%[44]。研究还报告,两组之间的感染发病率没有差异[4,12,21]。在进行NOSE手术时,可以采取一些措施来减少腹膜污染,如碘盐水直肠冲洗、术前肠道准备、预防性使用抗生素、腹膜冲洗、使用伤口牵开器、将标本放入内袋中并进行腹部引流[14,30,42,45,46]。
结直肠手术后吻合口瘘是一种严重的并发症。各种因素都会增加吻合口瘘的发生率,例如吻合端的极度紧张、局部缺血和吻合技术[30,47]。环形吻合器和端对端吻合在这两组中都有广泛的应用。然而,CL采用体外(EA)吻合,NOSE采用体内(IA)吻合。在EA中,肠的向外开放需要结肠段和肠系膜的进一步活动,这可能导致肠系膜撕裂和出血,从而影响流向吻合端的血液流动。IA比EA需要更少的活动,因此允许无张力吻合。因此,NOSE在减少吻合口瘘方面可能具有显著优势,尤其是在低位直肠癌的情况下[48]。尽管Han等人声称吻合口瘘在经肛门NOSE中的发生率较低[49],但荟萃分析显示,两组之间的吻合口瘘发生率没有差异[5,11,14,15,26,27]。还对不同的标本提取方法进行了亚组分析。综合结果显示,与CL组相比,经肛门组和经阴道组在术后吻合口并发症方面相似[14]。
美容装备改进
术后的美容恢复对心理社会发病率有积极影响[50],因为与CL不同,NOSE手术不需要额外的腹部切口来提取标本。因此,NOSE组确保了无疤痕愈合和更好的美容外观[12,13,41,42,51]。在所有评估美容恢复情况的荟萃分析中,NOSE组的美容恢复情况更好[5,11,13-15,17]。
住院时间
在NOSE中,炎症途径的刺激很小,因为没有在腹壁上进行额外的切口。因此,术后压力和疼痛水平较低,从而使肠功能恢复更快,患者康复更好,住院时间更短[12,27,42,52]。尽管Wolthuis等人在一项随机对照试验中报道称,尽管NOSE组的术后疼痛评分较低,对止痛药的需求较少,但两组的住院时间相似[12],但所有已发表的荟萃分析均显示,NOSE后的住院时间短于CL[5,11,13-15,17,26]。与经肛门NOSE相比,经阴道NOSE可能与术后恢复延迟和住院时间增加有关,因为可能会损伤邻近器官(乙状结肠和直肠)[53]。在Lin等人的荟萃分析中,经阴道NOSE和CL的住院时间具有可比性,经肛门NOSE的住院时间短于CL[5]。
QoL
心理健康对患者术后生活质量至关重要。NOSE可以显著提高患者的生活质量,因为它不需要在腹壁上进行额外的切口[54]。生活质量的提高可使患者更好地康复,并提高治疗质量[55,56]。研究还表明,NOSE组的患者术后生活质量更好,因此具有更好的生理和情感功能[36,37,40]。
肿瘤学结果
淋巴结转移、局部复发和手术切缘阳性是CRC手术中危及生命的情况,通常与较差的总生存期(OS)和无病生存期(DFS)有关[27]。在解剖学上,淋巴结的分布与结肠肠系膜血管平行。为了切除肠道,还需要切除相关的淋巴结并连接肠系膜血管。在评估腹腔镜结肠切除术的手术质量时,切除的淋巴结数量是一个重要的考虑因素,因为切除淋巴结数量不足会对CRC患者的生存结果产生负面影响。在NOSE和CL中,探查、动员和清扫的步骤几乎相同,这意味着两组的淋巴结切除相似[5,11,13,14,26]。
肿瘤可以通过壁内扩散达到远处侵袭,因此,不充分的手术切除可能导致一个阳性限制,这是DFS的一个独立因素。因为NOSE和CL的手术技术相同,所以近端、远端和外周切除边缘的长度通常相似[4,5,11,13,14,26,29,51]。然而,一些研究报道表明,NOSE的远端切除边缘较长[26,58]。这种差异可能归因于NOSE组的标本提取是在直视下经腹和腹外进行的,或者使用了机器人程序[59]。
NOSE最大的问题之一是在标本提取过程中将肿瘤细胞植入自然孔口部位,这会影响局部复发和DFS的结果[60]。Winslow等人报道,NOSE中肿瘤植入的可能性可能会增加[61],而Park等人报道,接受腹腔镜NOSE半结肠切除术的患者在23个月的随访中没有出现经阴道复发[29]。在另一项研究中,Park等人报道,4例接受NOSE的患者出现局部复发性疾病,但他们中没有一人出现经直肠或经阴道肿瘤复发[38]。荟萃分析显示,NOSE和CL的局部复发率和DFS相似[11,14,15,17,26,27]。
这些结果消除了NOSE患者对肿瘤细胞植入及其通过自然孔道扩散的担忧。然而,由于一些纳入的研究在较小肿瘤患者中使用了NOSE,并且这些研究中没有报告5年生存率,因此需要谨慎解释结果[4,11,14,15,58,62]。为了预防腹腔镜结直肠手术中的肿瘤植入,推荐的措施包括常规肠道准备、预防性使用抗生素、使用缝合器切割标本的近端和远端手术边缘、腹膜灌洗和使用无菌标本袋[45,62,63]。在一项使用含碘盐水进行直肠冲洗的研究中,Hisada等人还报道了在直肠灌洗水中没有发现肿瘤细胞[30]。
其他结果
硬膜外麻醉
硬膜外麻醉仅适用于极少数接受结直肠手术的病例。然而,Hisada等人表明,前路切除术可以在硬膜外麻醉下进行。尽管研究人员在研究中没有使用视觉模拟评分(VAS)来评估术后疼痛,但他们确实显示NOSE组术后镇痛药的使用和疼痛持续时间显著减少[30]。
机器人NOSE
腹腔镜手术治疗癌症直肠中下段有多种困难,如视野有限,所以在狭窄的空间内使用腹腔镜器械困难。相反,机器人手术由于其三维高分辨率和灵活的机械臂,可以通过减少手术创伤和并发症来提供更好的术后恢复[59]。在一项研究中,Feng等人将CL与机器人NOSE进行了比较,他们表明,在接受机器人NOSE的患者中,转为开放手术的病例率较低。可能的原因是术中出血较少,术后疼痛较少,Clavien-Dindo并发症分级≥II的病例较少,住院时间较短,下直肠癌癌症远端切除缘较长。CL组和机器人NOSE组在长期生存率方面相似[59]。
年龄
随着预期寿命的延长,接受腹腔镜结直肠手术的老年患者数量正在增加。然而,老年患者的手术耐受性较弱,术后发病率和死亡率较高。因此,在接受腹腔镜结直肠手术的老年患者中,应仔细进行围手术期评估[64,65]。Zhang等研究表明,年龄≥65岁的患者可以进行结直肠NOSE。他们发现CL和NOSE在OS、DFS、局部复发和远处转移方面相似。然而,与CL组相比,NOSE组的胃肠功能恢复更快,术后并发症更少,术后疼痛评分更低,肛门功能更好,美容恢复更好[54]。
NOSE 类型
NOSE通常有两种方式,即经阴道和经阴道。经肛门途径可用于两性,而经阴道途径仅用于女性。经阴道途径可以提取更大体积的肿瘤,并可用于更肥胖的个体。然而,经阴道NOSE不适合患有广泛盆腔粘连、子宫内膜异位症、病态肥胖或阴道狭窄的女性[45]。经肛门和经阴道NOSE手术中最大的问题是肛门括约肌损伤、性功能障碍和盆腔器官损伤。重要的是,肛门要完全扩张,轻轻取出标本,这样肛门功能就不会受损[54]。研究表明,NOSE组很少出现肛门功能障碍,症状通常是轻微和可逆的,术后(第6周—3个月)的基本和最大肛门收紧压力是可比较的,即使在术后早期(第6周)和晚期(第24个月),肛门功能也没有显著差异[12,17,28-30,37,38,40,66]。在He等人的荟萃分析中,两组在性功能和泌尿功能方面没有差异[26,30]。先前的研究报道称,性交困难的发生率很低,症状通常是轻微和可逆的[28,30]。研究还表明,经阴道进入是安全的,患者自己对性功能的满意度很高[28,67]。
这项研究有一些局限性。首先,NOSE是一个新兴领域,大多数研究都是回顾性或观察性的,没有足够的随机对照试验。其次,本研究比较了NOSE和传统手术的标本提取,主要是在腹腔镜结直肠手术中,因为机器人NOSE研究的数量很少。机器人NOSE的发现可能会改变这项研究的结果。
总结
这篇综述支持NOSE在术后发病率、术后疼痛和镇痛要求、住院时间、术中失血、首次排气时间、美容效果、伤口感染和术后恢复方面优于CL手术。然而,与CL相比,NOSE与更长的手术时间、相似的肿瘤安全性和长期预后有关。然而,还需要对关注长期结果的随机对照试验进行进一步验证。
参考文献
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(本译文仅供学术交流,实际内容请以英文原文为准)
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译者:刘良
刘良,医学硕士,保定市第一中心医院泌尿外科医生。师从河北省人民医院泌尿外科刘俊江教授、李守宾教授,长期从事泌尿外科研究,参与河北省卫健委课题1项,参编泌尿外科专著1本,在研课题1项,近3年先后以第一作者或通讯作者身份发表SCI论文11篇,担任多个SCI期刊副主编、编委及审稿专家等。
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