参考文献（下滑查看）：
[1]中华医学会骨科学分会骨质疏松学组. 骨质疏松性骨折诊疗指南[J].中华骨科杂志, 2017, 37(1):1-10. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-2352.2017.01.001.
[2]Assessment of fracture risk and its application to screening for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Report of a WHO Study Group[J]. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser, 1994, 843:1-129.
[3]傅华. 国家卫生健康委员会“十三五”规划教材:预防医学[M].7版. 北京: 人民卫生出版社, 2018: 7.
[4]HassonF, KeeneyS, McKennaH. Research guidelines for the Delphi survey technique[J]. J Adv Nurs, 2000, 32(4):1008-1015.
[5]SözenT, ÖzışıkL, BaşaranNÇ. An overview and management of osteoporosis[J]. Eur J Rheumatol, 2017, 4(1):46-56. DOI: 10.5152/eurjrheum.2016.048.
[6]CurtisEM, van der VeldeR, MoonRJ, et al. Epidemiology of fractures in the United Kingdom 1988-2012: Variation with age, sex, geography, ethnicity and socioeconomic status[J]. Bone, 2016, 87:19-26. DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2016.03.006.
[7]OdénA, McCloskeyEV, KanisJA, et al. Burden of high fracture probability worldwide: secular increases 2010-2040[J]. Osteoporos Int, 2015, 26(9):2243-2248. DOI: 10.1007/s00198-015-3154-6.
[8]SiL, WinzenbergTM, JiangQ, et al. Projection of osteoporosis-related fractures and costs in China: 2010-2050[J]. Osteoporos Int, 2015, 26(7):1929-1937. DOI: 10.1007/s00198-015-3093-2.
[9]DiemSJ, LuiLY, LangsetmoL, et al. Effects of mobility and cognition on maintenance of independence and survival among women in late life[J]. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 2018, 73(9):1251-1257. DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glx209.
[10]JohanssonL, SvenssonHK, KarlssonJ, et al. Decreased physical health-related quality of life-a persisting state for older women with clinical vertebral fracture[J]. Osteoporos Int, 2019, 30(10):1961-1971. DOI: 10.1007/s00198-019-05044-0.
[11]JangSY, ChaY, LeeJC, et al. Population-based analysis for risk of suicide death in elderly patients after osteoporotic fracture: a nested case-control study[J]. J Korean Med Sci, 2021, 36(36):e225. DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2021.36.e225.
[12]EdidinAA, OngKL, LauE, et al. Morbidity and mortality after vertebral fractures: comparison of vertebral augmentation and nonoperative management in the medicare population[J]. Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 2015, 40(15):1228-1241. DOI: 10.1097/BRS.0000000000000992.
[13]AraguasMA, HerreraA, GarridoI, et al. Risk factors for major adverse cardiovascular events after osteoporotic hip fracture repair surgery[J]. Injury, 2020, 51Suppl 1:S30-S36. DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2020.03.052.
[14]Guzon-IllescasO, FernandezEP, VillariasNC, et al. Mortality after osteoporotic hip fracture: incidence, trends, and associated factors[J]. J Orthop Surg Res, 2019, 14(1):203. DOI: 10.1186/s13018-019-1226-6.
[15]HoriK, SiuAM, NguyenET, et al. Osteoporotic hip fracture mortality and associated factors in Hawai′i[J]. Arch Osteoporos, 2020, 15(1):183. DOI: 10.1007/s11657-020-00847-9.
[16]RizzoliR, BrancoJ, BrandiML, et al. Management of osteoporosis of the oldest old[J]. Osteoporos Int, 2014, 25(11):2507-2529. DOI: 10.1007/s00198-014-2755-9.
[17]NutiR, BrandiML, ChecchiaG, et al. Guidelines for the management of osteoporosis and fragility fractures[J]. Intern Emerg Med, 2019, 14(1):85-102. DOI: 10.1007/s11739-018-1874-2.
[18]ClynesMA, HarveyNC, CurtisEM, et al. The epidemiology of osteoporosis[J]. Br Med Bull, 2020, 133(1):105-117. DOI: 10.1093/bmb/ldaa005.
[19]BallaneG, CauleyJA, LuckeyMM, et al. Worldwide prevalence and incidence of osteoporotic vertebral fractures[J]. Osteoporos Int, 2017, 28(5):1531-1542. DOI: 10.1007/s00198-017-3909-3.
[20]KazeAD, RosenHN, PaikJM. A meta-analysis of the association between body mass index and risk of vertebral fracture[J]. Osteoporos Int, 2018, 29(1):31-39. DOI: 10.1007/s00198-017-4294-7.
[21]KimJ, LeeS, KimSS, et al. Association between body mass index and fragility fracture in postmenopausal women: a cross-sectional study using Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008-2009 (KNHANES Ⅳ)[J]. BMC Womens Health, 2021, 21(1):60. DOI: 10.1186/s12905-021-01209-4.
[22]JohanssonH, SiggeirsdóttirK, HarveyNC, et al. Imminent risk of fracture after fracture[J]. Osteoporos Int, 2017, 28(3):775-780. DOI: 10.1007/s00198-016-3868-0.
[23]ZhangZL, YangJS, HaoDJ, et al. Risk factors for new vertebral fracture after percutaneous vertebroplasty for osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures[J]. Clin Interv Aging, 2021, 16:1193-1200. DOI: 10.2147/CIA.S312623.
[24]BouxseinML, EastellR, LuiLY, et al. Change in bone density and reduction in fracture risk: a meta-regression of published trials[J]. J Bone Miner Res, 2019, 34(4):632-642. DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3641.
[25]ClinicMayo. Mayo Clinic Guide to Preventing & Treating Osteoporosis[M]. 2nd ed. Jacksonville: Mayo Clinic, 2014: 42-46.
[26]ChenJ, LuK, ChenH, et al. Trunk skeletal muscle mass and phase angle measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis are associated with the chance of femoral neck fracture in very elderly people[J]. Clin Interv Aging, 2020, 15:889-895. DOI: 10.2147/CIA.S250629.
[27]KanisJA, JohnellO, OdenA, et al. FRAX and the assessment of fracture probability in men and women from the UK[J]. Osteoporos Int, 2008, 19(4):385-397. DOI: 10.1007/s00198-007-0543-5.
[28]中华医学会骨质疏松和骨矿盐疾病分会. 原发性骨质疏松症诊疗指南(2017)[J]. 中华骨质疏松和骨矿盐疾病杂志, 2017, 10(5): 413-443. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-2591.2017.05.002.
[29]PatelJ. Economic implications of osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women[J]. Am J Manag Care, 2020, 26(15Suppl):S311-S318. DOI: 10.37765/ajmc.2020.88549.
[30]XieZ, XiaW, ZhangZ, et al. Prevalence of vitamin D inadequacy among chinese postmenopausal women: a nationwide, multicenter, cross-sectional study[J]. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne), 2018, 9:782. DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00782.
[31]GaoC, SongH, ChenB, et al. The assessment of the osteoporosis self-assessment tool for Asians and calcaneal quantitative ultrasound in identifying osteoporotic fractures and falls among Chinese people[J]. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne), 2021, 12:684334. DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.684334.
[32]BillingtonEO, FeaselAL, KlineGA. At odds about the odds: women′s choices to accept osteoporosis medications do not closely agree with physician-set treatment thresholds[J]. J Gen Intern Med, 2020, 35(1):276-282. DOI: 10.1007/s11606-019-05384-x.
[33]RubækM, HitzMF, HolmbergT, et al. Effectiveness of patient education for patients with osteoporosis: a systematic review[J]. Osteoporos Int, 2022, 33(5):959-977. DOI: 10.1007/s00198-021-06226-5.
[34]LemsWF, DreinhöferKE, Bischoff-FerrariH, et al. EULAR/EFORT recommendations for management of patients older than 50 years with a fragility fracture and prevention of subsequent fractures[J]. Ann Rheum Dis, 2017, 76(5):802-810. DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2016-210289.
[35]EbelingPR, ChanDC, LauTC, et al. Secondary prevention of fragility fractures in Asia Pacific: an educational initiative[J]. Osteoporos Int, 2020, 31(5):805-826. DOI: 10.1007/s00198-019-05197-y.
[36]中国营养学会骨营养与健康分会, 中华医学会骨质疏松和骨矿盐疾病分会. 原发性骨质疏松症患者的营养和运动管理专家共识[J]. 中华骨质疏松和骨矿盐疾病杂志, 2020, 13(5): 396-410. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-2591.2020.05.002.
[37]MoreiraLD, OliveiraML, Lirani-GalvãoAP, et al. Physical exercise and osteoporosis: effects of different types of exercises on bone and physical function of postmenopausal women[J]. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol, 2014, 58(5):514-522. DOI: 10.1590/0004-2730000003374.
[38]DizdarM, IrdeselJF, DizdarOS, et al. Effects of balance-coordination, strengthening, and aerobic exercises to prevent falls in postmenopausal patients with osteoporosis: a 6-month randomized parallel prospective study[J]. J Aging Phys Act, 2018, 26(1):41-51. DOI: 10.1123/japa.2016-0284.
[39]RizzoliR, BiverE, Brennan-SperanzaTC. Nutritional intake and bone health[J]. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol, 2021, 9(9):606-621. DOI: 10.1016/S2213-8587(21)00119-4.
[40]中华人民共和国国家卫生健康委员会. 中华人民共和国卫生行业标准WS/T 578.1—2017,WS/T 578.2—2017,WS/T 578.4—2017. 中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量, 2018[S/OL]. (2018-04-27). http://www.nhc.gov.cn/wjw/yingyang/201805/a61e775d223443ea822a2fb7d69476ed.shtml.
[41]RizzoliR, StevensonJC, BauerJM, et al. The role of dietary protein and vitamin D in maintaining musculoskeletal health in postmenopausal women: a consensus statement from the European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis and Osteoarthritis (ESCEO)[J]. Maturitas, 2014, 79(1):122-132. DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2014.07.005.
[42]HopewellS, CopseyB, NicolsonP, et al. Multifactorial interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 41 trials and almost 20 000 participants[J]. Br J Sports Med, 2020, 54(22):1340-1350. DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2019-100732.
[43]PapaioannouA, SantessoN, MorinSN, et al. Recommendations for preventing fracture in long-term care[J]. CMAJ, 2015, 187(15):1135-1144. DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.141331.
[44]中国康复医学会骨质疏松预防与康复专业委员会. 骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折诊治专家共识(2021版)[J].中华医学杂志, 2021, 101(41):3371-3379. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112137-20210625-01436.
[45]杨惠林, 王根林, 牛国旗, 等. 骨质疏松性胸腰椎骨折不愈合的诊断与治疗[J]. 中华骨科杂志, 2007, 27(9): 682-686. DOI: 10.3760/j.issn:0253-2352.2007.09.010.
[46]GenantHK, WuCY, van KuijkC, et al. Vertebral fracture assessment using a semiquantitative technique[J]. J Bone Miner Res, 1993, 8(9):1137-1148. DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.5650080915.
[47]杨惠林, 王根林, 牛国旗, 等. 椎体后凸成形术治疗多节段脊柱骨折中责任椎体的选择[J]. 中华外科杂志, 2008, 46(1): 30-33. DOI: 10.3321/j.issn:0529-5815.2008.01.012.
[48]钟鸣, 轩艳娇, 孙晓雷, 等. 选用不同参考数据库对DXA骨密度T值的影响[J]. 中华骨质疏松和骨矿盐疾病杂志, 2022, 15(1): 43-47. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-2591.2022.01.008.
[49]XuXM, LiN, LiK, et al. Discordance in diagnosis of osteoporosis by quantitative computed tomography and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in Chinese elderly men[J]. J Orthop Translat, 2019, 18:59-64. DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2018.11.003.
[50]程晓光, 王亮, 曾强, 等. 中国定量CT(QCT)骨质疏松症诊断指南(2018)[J].中国骨质疏松杂志, 2019, 25(6):733-737. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-7108.2019.06.001.
[51]ChengX, ZhaoK, ZhaX, et al. Opportunistic screening using low-dose CT and the prevalence of osteoporosis in China: a nationwide, multicenter study[J]. J Bone Miner Res, 2021, 36(3):427-435. DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4187.
[52]ZouD, LiW, DengC, et al. The use of CT Hounsfield unit values to identify the undiagnosed spinal osteoporosis in patients with lumbar degenerative diseases[J]. Eur Spine J, 2019, 28(8):1758-1766. DOI: 10.1007/s00586-018-5776-9.
[53]LorentzonM, BrancoJ, BrandiML, et al. Algorithm for the use of biochemical markers of bone turnover in the diagnosis, assessment and follow-up of treatment for osteoporosis[J]. Adv Ther, 2019, 36(10):2811-2824. DOI: 10.1007/s12325-019-01063-9.
[54]KanisJA, CooperC, RizzoliR, et al. European guidance for the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women[J]. Osteoporos Int, 2019, 30(1):3-44. DOI: 10.1007/s00198-018-4704-5.
[55]CamachoPM, PetakSM, BinkleyN, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists/American College of Endocrinology clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis-2020 update[J]. Endocr Pract, 2020, 26(Suppl 1):1-46. DOI: 10.4158/GL-2020-0524SUPPL.
[56]孟斌, 程黎明, 海涌, 等. 骨科急性骨丢失防治专家共识[J].中华骨与关节外科杂志, 2021, 14(7):577-583. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-9958.2021.07.01.
[57]中华人民共和国国家卫生和计划生育委员会. 《国家基本药物目录》(2018年版)[EB/OL]. (2018-09-30). http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/2018-12/31/content_5435470.htm.
[58]ZhuHM, QinL, GarneroP, et al. The first multicenter and randomized clinical trial of herbal fufang for treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis[J]. Osteoporos Int, 2012, 23(4):1317-1327. DOI: 10.1007/s00198-011-1577-2.
[59]蔡攀, 陆燕, 娄玉健, 等. 金天格胶囊对老年高血压患者骨密度、骨代谢及骨硬化蛋白水平的影响[J].中国骨质疏松杂志, 2017, 23(12):1621-1624. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-7108.2017.12.018.
[60]WangG, HuoL, ChenG, et al. Effects of Gushukang for postmenopausal osteoporosis:a protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Medicine (Baltimore), 2020, 99(27):e20908. DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000020908.
[61]BoneHG, WagmanRB, BrandiML, et al. 10 years of denosumab treatment in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: results from the phase 3 randomised FREEDOM trial and open-label extension[J]. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol, 2017, 5(7):513-523. DOI: 10.1016/S2213-8587(17)30138-9.
[62]LindsayR, KregeJH, MarinF, et al. Teriparatide for osteoporosis: importance of the full course[J]. Osteoporos Int, 2016, 27(8):2395-2410. DOI: 10.1007/s00198-016-3534-6.
[63]LouS, LvH, YinP, et al. Combination therapy with parathyroid hormone analogs and antiresorptive agents for osteoporosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials[J]. Osteoporos Int, 2019, 30(1):59-70. DOI: 10.1007/s00198-018-4790-4.
[64]RobertsKC, BroxWT, JevsevarDS, et al. Management of hip fractures in the elderly[J]. J Am Acad Orthop Surg, 2015, 23(2):131-137. DOI: 10.5435/JAAOS-D-14-00432.
[65]LoiselF, BourgeoisM, RondotT, et al. Treatment goals for distal radius fractures in 2018: recommendations and practical advice[J]. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol, 2018, 28(8):1465-1468. DOI: 10.1007/s00590-018-2196-9.
[66]SchumaierA, GraweB. Proximal humerus fractures: evaluation and management in the elderly patient[J]. Geriatr Orthop Surg Rehabil, 2018, 9:2151458517750516. DOI: 10.1177/2151458517750516.
[67]Kerschan-SchindlK. Prevention and rehabilitation of osteoporosis[J]. Wien Med Wochenschr, 2016, 166(1-2):22-27. DOI: 10.1007/s10354-015-0417-y.
[68]HitzMF, ArupS, HolmJP, et al. Outcome of osteoporosis evaluation, treatment, and follow-up in patients referred to a specialized outpatient clinic compared to patients in care of general practitioners[J]. Arch Osteoporos, 2020, 15(1):97. DOI: 10.1007/s11657-020-00774-9.
[69]SilvermanS, GoldDT. Medication decision-making in osteoporosis: can we explain why patients do not take their osteoporosis medications?[J]. Curr Osteoporos Rep, 2018, 16(6):772-774. DOI: 10.1007/s11914-018-0494-0.
[70]AkessonK, MarshD, MitchellPJ, et al. Capture the fracture: a best practice framework and global campaign to break the fragility fracture cycle[J]. Osteoporos Int, 2013, 24(8):2135-2152. DOI: 10.1007/s00198-013-2348-z.
[71]KelmN, WasfieT, VolkM, et al. Role of fracture liaison service program in reducing refracture rate in the elderly osteoporotic trauma patients presenting with vertebral compression fracture: a six-year study[J]. Am Surg, 2021:31348211047512. DOI: 10.1177/00031348211047512.
[72]ChangY, HuangC, HwangJ, et al. Fracture liaison services for osteoporosis in the Asia-Pacific region: current unmet needs and systematic literature review[J]. Osteoporos Int, 2018, 29(4):779-792. DOI: 10.1007/s00198-017-4347-y.
